Imiterere ya chromium
Chromium, ikimenyetso cy'ikintu Cr, inomero ya atome 24, uburemere bwa atome 51.996, ni igice cy'icyuma cy'impinduka cya VIB cy'imbonerahamwe y'ibintu bya shimi. Chromium metal ni kristu y'ikirahure ishingiye ku mubiri, ifeza-umweru, ubucucike 7.1g/cm³, aho gushonga 1860℃, aho kubira 2680℃, ubushobozi bwihariye bw'ubushyuhe kuri 25℃ 23.35J/(mol·K), ubushyuhe bwo guhumeka 342.1kJ/mol, ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe 91.3 W/(m·K) (0-100°C), ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe (20°C) 13.2uΩ·cm, ifite imiterere myiza ya mekanike.
Hari valensi eshanu za chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 na +6. Mu gihe cy'imikorere y'umubiri, chromium muri rusange ni valensi +3. Ibinyabutabire bifite +trivalent chromium ni byo bihamye cyane. Ibinyabutabire bya +sixvalent chromium, harimo n'umunyu wa chromium, bifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukaraba. Radiyo ya ionic ya Cr3+, AI3+ na Fe3+ birasa, bityo bishobora kugira ibintu byinshi bisa. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bishobora gusimburwa na chromium ni manganese, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, nibindi, bityo chromium ikwirakwizwa cyane mu myunyu ngugu ya magnesium iron silicate n'imyunyu ngugu.
Porogaramu
Chromium ni imwe mu byuma bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda za none. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora ibyuma bitangiza ibyuma n'ibindi byuma bitandukanye mu buryo bwa ferroalloys (nka ferrochrome). Chromium ifite imiterere ikomeye, idashira, idashyuha kandi idahura n'ingufu. Ubutare bwa Chrome bukoreshwa cyane mu byuma by'icyuma, ibikoresho birwanya ihindagurika ry'ikirere, inganda z'imiti n'inganda zikora imitako.
Mu nganda zikora ibyuma, chromium ore ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gushonga ferrochrome na chromium y'icyuma. Chromium ikoreshwa nk'inyongera mu byuma kugira ngo ikore ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibyuma byihariye bikomeye, birwanya ingese, birwanya kwangirika, birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi birwanya oxidation, nk'icyuma kidashonga, icyuma kidashonga, icyuma kidashonga, icyuma gifata umupira, icyuma cy'impeshyi, icyuma cy'ibikoresho, nibindi. Chromium ishobora kongera imiterere ya mekanike no kurwanya kwangirika kw'ibyuma. Chromium y'icyuma ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gushonga alloys zidasanzwe zifite cobalt, nickel, tungsten n'ibindi bintu. Gushyira chrome na chromizing bishobora gutuma icyuma, umuringa, aluminiyumu n'ibindi byuma bikora ubuso burwanya kwangirika, bukaba bwiza kandi bwiza.
Mu nganda zikora ubutare bwa chromium, chromium ore ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu gukora amatafari ya chrome, amatafari ya chrome magnesia, ubutare bwateye imbere n'ibindi bikoresho byihariye bikoreshwa mu gukora ubutare bwa chrome (crome beto). Ubutare bwa chromium bushingiye ahanini ku matafari arimo chrome ore na magnesia, sintered magnesia-chrome clinker, magnesia-chrome ishongeshejwe, amatafari ya magnesia-chrome ashongeshejwe, ashongeshejwe neza hanyuma agashyirwa hamwe. Akoreshwa cyane mu matafari afunguye, amatafari akoreshwa mu byuma, nibindi. Imashini zihindura ibyuma n'ibikoresho bizunguruka byo mu nganda za sima, nibindi.
Mu nganda zikora ubwubatsi, chromium ore ntabwo ikorana n'ibindi bintu biri mu cyuma gishongeshejwe mu gihe cyo gusuka, ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwagura ubushyuhe, irwanya icyuma kwinjiramo, kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukonjesha kurusha zircon. Chromium ore yo mu bwubatsi ifite ibisabwa bikomeye ku miterere ya shimi n'uburyo ikwirakwira mu bunini bw'uduce.
Mu nganda zikora imiti, ikoreshwa cyane rya chromium ni ugukora umuti wa sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7·H2O), hanyuma ugategura izindi mvange za chromium zo gukoreshwa mu nganda nka pigment, imyenda, electroplating, no gukora uruhu, ndetse n'ibintu bitera imbaraga.
Ifu ya chromium ore isya neza ni irangi karemano mu gukora ikirahure, ibumba n'amatafari akoze muri glaze. Iyo sodium dichromate ikoreshejwe mu kwangiza uruhu, poroteyine (collagen) na karubohidrati biri mu ruhu rw'umwimerere bikora hamwe n'ibintu bya shimi bigatuma biba ihuriro rihamye, riba ishingiro ry'ibicuruzwa by'uruhu. Mu nganda z'imyenda, sodium dichromate ikoreshwa nk'ikintu gihumanya mu gusiga irangi ku myenda, gishobora gufata neza irangi ry'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera; gishobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'ikintu gitera okisidasiyo mu gukora amarangi n'ibindi bintu.
Ubutare bwa chromium
Hari ubwoko burenga 50 bw'amabuye y'agaciro arimo chromium yavumbuwe mu bidukikije, ariko inyinshi muri zo zifite chromium nkeya kandi zikwirakwira hose, ibyo bikaba bifite agaciro gato mu nganda. Ayo madini arimo chromium ni ay'ibinyabutabire, chromate na silicates, hiyongereyeho hydroxide nke, iyodate, nitrides na sulfides. Muri zo, chromium nitride na chromium sulfide amabuye y'agaciro aboneka gusa mu birere.
Nk’ubwoko bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu muryango w’amabuye y’agaciro ya chromium, chromite ni yo buye ry’agaciro ryonyine ry’ingenzi rya chromium. Formula y’ibinyabutabire ya teorike ni (MgFe)Cr2O4, aho Cr2O3 ingana na 68%, naho FeO ingana na 32%. Mu miterere yayo ya shimi, cation trivalent ahanini ni Cr3+, kandi akenshi hariho Al3+, Fe3+ na Mg2+, Fe2+ isomorphic substitutions. Muri chromite nyayo ikorwa, igice cya Fe2+ gikunze gusimburwa na Mg2+, naho Cr3+ igasimburwa na Al3+ na Fe3+ ku rugero rutandukanye. Urwego rwuzuye rwo gusimbuza isomorphic mu bice bitandukanye bya chromite ntiruhuza. Cations enye zo guhuza ahanini ni magnesium na fer, hamwe n’isomorphic isomorphic substance hagati ya magnesium-fer. Dukurikije uburyo bwo kugabanyamo ibice bine, chromite ishobora kugabanywamo amatsinda ane: magnesium chromite, fer-magnesium chromite, mafic-iron chromite na fer-chromite. Byongeye kandi, chromite ikunze kuba irimo manganese nke, Uruvange rw'ibice bimwe bya titaniyumu, vanadium na zinki. Imiterere ya chromite ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa spinel.
4. Ubuziranenge bw'icungamutungo rya chromium
Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya (ubutare n'amabuye y'agaciro karemano), amabuye ya chromium yo gukoresha mu byuma agabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri: ingano (G) n'amabuye y'agaciro (K). Reba imbonerahamwe iri hepfo.
Ibisabwa ku bwiza bw'amabuye y'agaciro ya chromite mu bucuruzi bw'ibyuma
Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubyaza umusaruro amabuye y'agaciro ya Chrome
1) Gusubiramo amatora
Kuri ubu, gutandukanya imbaraga z’uburemere bifite umwanya ukomeye mu kunoza chromium ore. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya imbaraga z’uburemere, bukoresha imiterere y’amazi nk’imyitwarire y’ibanze, buracyari uburyo bw’ingenzi bwo kongera chromium ore ku isi yose. Ibikoresho byo gutandukanya imbaraga z’uburemere ni agace k’uruziga n’agace k’ingufu gafata centrifugal, kandi ingano y’uduce duto two gutunganya ni nini cyane. Muri rusange, itandukaniro ry’ubucucike hagati y’amabuye y’agaciro ya chromium n’amabuye y’agaciro ya gangue riruta 0.8g/cm3, kandi gutandukanya imbaraga z’uburemere bw’uduce twose turenze 100um bishobora kuba bishimishije. Ibice binini (100 ~ 0.5mm) by’uburemere bitondekwa cyangwa bigatoranywa mbere hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kunoza ibintu buhambaye, ari bwo buryo buhendutse cyane bwo kunoza ibintu.
2) Gutandukanya magnetic
Gutandukanya ibyuma bya magnetic ni uburyo bwo gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro mu butaka budafite magnetic bukurikije itandukaniro rya magnetic ry'amabuye y'agaciro ari mu ibuye ry'agaciro. Chromite ifite ubushobozi buke bwa magnetic kandi ishobora gutandukanywa n'ibikoresho bitandukanya magnetic ring high gradient, ibikoresho bitandukanya magnetic plate wet plate n'ibindi bikoresho. Ibipimo byihariye bya magnetic susceptibility bya chromium minerals bikorerwa mu bice bitandukanye bikora chromium ore ku isi ntabwo bitandukanye cyane, kandi bisa n'ibipimo byihariye bya magnetic susceptibility bya wolframite na wolframite bikorerwa mu turere dutandukanye.
Hari uburyo bubiri bwo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutandukanya magnetic kugira ngo ubone chromium concentrate yo mu rwego rwo hejuru: bumwe ni ugukuraho magnetic minerals zikomeye (cyane cyane magnetite) mu mabuye munsi y'umurima wa magnetic udakomeye kugira ngo wongere igipimo cya ferrochrome, naho ubundi ni ugukoresha magnetic field ikomeye. Gutandukanya magnetic minerals gangue no kugarura chromium ore (magnetic minerals idakomeye).
3) Guhitamo amashanyarazi
Gutandukanya amashanyarazi ni uburyo bwo gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro ya chromium na silicate gangue hakoreshejwe imiterere y'amashanyarazi y'amabuye y'agaciro, nk'itandukaniro mu gutwara ibintu n'ibidahinduka bya dielectric.
4) Kureremba
Mu gihe cyo gutandukanya uburemere bw'ubutaka, amabuye ya chromite afite ubunini buto (-100um) akunze gutabwa nk'ibice by'inyuma, ariko chromite y'ubu bunini iracyafite agaciro gakomeye ko gukoreshwa, bityo uburyo bwo kuzenguruka bushobora gukoreshwa ku mabuye ya chromite meza yo hasi aravumburwa. Kuzenguruka kw'amabuye ya chromium hamwe na 20% ~ 40% Cr2O3 mu bice by'inyuma n'amabuye ya serpentine, olivine, rutile na calcium magnesium carbonate nk'amabuye ya gangue. Ayo mabuye arasya neza kugeza kuri 200μm, ikirahuri cy'amazi, fosfeti, metaphosphate, fluorosilicate, nibindi bikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza no gukumira ubutare, kandi aside irike idafite ubushyuhe ikoreshwa nk'ikintu gikusanya. Gutatanya no gukumira ubutare bwa gangue ni ingenzi cyane ku buryo bwo kuzenguruka. Ayoni y'icyuma nka icyuma na lead ashobora gukora chromite. Iyo agaciro ka pH k'ubutare kari munsi ya 6, chromite ntabwo izareremba cyane. Muri make, ikoreshwa ry’ibice bihindura imiterere y’amazi mu kirere ni rinini, urwego rw’ibice bito rudahindagurika, kandi igipimo cyo kugarura amazi mu kirere ni gito. Ca2+ na Mg2+ biva mu mabuye y’agaciro ya gangue bigabanya uburyo bwo guhitamo ibintu mu kirere.
5) Kunoza imiti
Uburyo bwa chimique ni ukuvura mu buryo butaziguye amabuye amwe ya chromite adashobora gutandukanywa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa physique cyangwa ikiguzi cy'uburyo bwa physique kikaba kiri hejuru cyane. Igipimo cya Cr/Fe cy'icunga rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa chimique kiri hejuru kurusha ic'uburyo busanzwe bwa physique. Uburyo bwa chimique burimo: gutandukanya aside ya selective, kugabanya oxidation, gutandukanya gushonga, gutandukanya aside sulfurike na aside chromic, kugabanya no gutandukanya aside sulfurike, nibindi. Guhuza uburyo bwa physique-chemical hamwe no kuvura chromium ore hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa chimique ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi mu kubyaza chromite umusaruro muri iki gihe. Uburyo bwa chimique bushobora gukura chromium mu mabuye mu buryo butaziguye kandi bukabyara chromium carbide na chromium oxyde.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 30 Mata-2021