Imiterere ya chromium
Chromium, ikimenyetso cyibintu Cr, atomike numero 24, ugereranije na misa ya atome 51.996, ni iyinzibacyuho yicyuma cyitsinda rya VIB kumeza yibihe byimiti. Icyuma cya Chromium ni umubiri ushingiye ku mubiri wa kirisiti, ifeza-yera, ubucucike 7.1g / cm³, gushonga 1860 ℃, aho gutekera 2680 ℃, ubushyuhe bwihariye kuri 25 ℃ 23.35J / (mol · K), ubushyuhe bwo guhumeka 342.1kJ / mol, ubushyuhe bwumuriro 91.3 W / (m · K) (0-100 ° C), kurwanya (20 ° C) 13.2uΩ · cm, hamwe nibikoresho byiza bya mashini.
Hano hari indangagaciro eshanu za chromium: +2, +3, +4, +5 na +6. Mubihe byimikorere ya endogenous, chromium muri rusange +3 valence. Ibicuruzwa hamwe na chromium trivalent nibyo bihamye cyane. + Ibintu bitandatu bya chromium, harimo umunyu wa chromium, bifite imiterere ikomeye ya okiside. Radiyo ionic ya Cr3 +, AI3 + na Fe3 + irasa, kuburyo ishobora kugira ibintu byinshi bisa. Byongeye kandi, ibintu bishobora gusimburwa na chromium ni manganese, magnesium, nikel, cobalt, zinc, nibindi, chromium rero ikwirakwizwa cyane mumabuye y'agaciro ya magnesium fer silike hamwe namabuye y'agaciro.
Gusaba
Chromium ni kimwe mu byuma bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zigezweho. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mugukora ibyuma bitagira umwanda hamwe nibyuma bitandukanye bivangwa muburyo bwa ferroalloys (nka ferrochrome). Chromium ifite ibiranga ibintu bikomeye, birinda kwambara, birinda ubushyuhe kandi birwanya ruswa. Ubutare bwa Chrome bukoreshwa cyane mubyuma, ibikoresho bivunika, inganda zikora imiti ninganda.
Mu nganda zibyuma, ubutare bwa chromium bukoreshwa cyane mu gushonga ferrochrome na chromium metallic. Chromium ikoreshwa nk'inyongeramusaruro kugirango ikore imbaraga zinyuranye zifite imbaraga nyinshi, zirwanya ruswa, zidashobora kwangirika, ubushyuhe bwinshi, hamwe na okiside irwanya ibyuma bidasanzwe, nk'ibyuma bidafite ingese, ibyuma birwanya aside, ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe, umupira utwara ibyuma, ibyuma byamasoko, ibyuma byibikoresho, nibindi. Chromium irashobora kongera imiterere yubukanishi no kwambara ibyuma birwanya ibyuma. Chromium yicyuma ikoreshwa cyane mugushongesha amavuta yihariye hamwe na cobalt, nikel, tungsten nibindi bintu. Isahani ya Chrome hamwe na chromizing birashobora gukora ibyuma, umuringa, aluminium nibindi byuma bikora ubuso butarwanya ruswa, bikaba byiza kandi byiza.
Mu nganda zikora inganda, ubutare bwa chromium nigikoresho cyingenzi cyo kuvunika gikoreshwa mu gukora amatafari ya chrome, amatafari ya chrome magnesia, inganda ziteye imbere hamwe nibindi bikoresho bidasanzwe (chrome beto). Inganda zishingiye kuri Chromium zirimo amatafari arimo ubutare bwa chrome na magnesia, clinker ya magnesia-chrome yamashanyarazi, amatafari ya magnesia-chrome, yashongeshejwe, hasi neza hanyuma ahuza amatafari ya magnesia-chrome. Zikoreshwa cyane mu ziko rifunguye, itanura rya induction, nibindi.
Mu nganda zikora inganda, ubutare bwa chromium ntibushobora gukorana nibindi bikoresho mu byuma bishongeshejwe mugihe cyo gusuka, bifite coeffisiyeti yo kwagura ubushyuhe buke, birwanya ibyuma byinjira, kandi bifite imikorere ikonje kurusha zircon. Ubucukuzi bwa Chrome bwububiko bufite ibyangombwa bisabwa mubigize imiti no gukwirakwiza ingano.
Mu nganda z’imiti, gukoresha chromium mu buryo butaziguye ni ugukora sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7 · H2O), hanyuma ugategura ibindi bivanga bya chromium kugirango bikoreshwe mu nganda nka pigment, imyenda, amashanyarazi, no gukora uruhu, ndetse na catalizator .
Ifu ya chromium yubutaka bwiza ni ibintu bisanzwe bisiga amabara mugukora ibirahuri, ububumbyi hamwe namabati. Iyo sodium dichromate ikoreshwa mu kwangiza uruhu, poroteyine (kolagen) na karubone ya hydrata yo mu ruhu rwambere bigira ingaruka ku miti ikora ibintu bigoye, biba ishingiro ryibicuruzwa byuruhu. Mu nganda z’imyenda, dichromate ya sodium ikoreshwa nka mordant mu gusiga irangi, ishobora guhuza molekile yamabara yibintu kama; irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka okiside mugukora amarangi nabahuza.
Amabuye y'agaciro ya Chromium
Hariho ubwoko burenga 50 bwa chromium irimo imyunyu ngugu yavumbuwe muri kamere, ariko inyinshi murizo zifite chromium nkeya kandi ikwirakwizwa, ifite agaciro gake ko gukoresha inganda. Iyi minerval irimo chromium ni iyitwa oxyde, chromates na silicates, hiyongereyeho hydroxide nkeya, iyode, nitide na sulfide. Muri byo, nitride ya chromium na minisiteri ya chromium sulfide iboneka gusa muri meteorite.
Nkubwoko bwamabuye y'agaciro mu butare bwa chromium, chromite niyo minerval yonyine yinganda za chromium. Imiti ya chimique ni (MgFe) Cr2O4, aho Cr2O3 irimo 68%, naho FeO ikagira 32%. Mubigize imiti, cation trival ni Cr3 +, kandi hariho Al3 +, Fe3 + na Mg2 +, Fe2 + isomorphic. Muri chromite yakozwe mubyukuri, igice cya Fe2 + gikunze gusimburwa na Mg2 +, naho Cr3 + igasimburwa na Al3 + na Fe3 + kurwego rutandukanye. Urwego rwuzuye rwo gusimbuza isomorphic mubice bitandukanye bigize chromite ntabwo bihuye. Ibice bine byo guhuza ibice ni magnesium nicyuma, hamwe no gusimbuza isomorphic byuzuye hagati ya magnesium-fer. Ukurikije uburyo bune bwo kugabana, chromite irashobora kugabanywamo amatsinda ane: chromesi ya magnesium, chromite yicyuma-magnesium, chromite mafic-fer na fer-chromite. Mubyongeyeho, chromite ikunze kuba irimo manganese nkeya, Imvange imwe ya titanium, vanadium na zinc. Imiterere ya chromite ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa spinel.
4. Ubuziranenge bwa chromium yibanze
Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya (minervaliza nubutare karemano), ubutare bwa chromium ya metallurgie bugabanijwe mubwoko bubiri: kwibanda (G) hamwe nubutare (K). Reba imbonerahamwe ikurikira.
Ibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge bwa chromite ya metallurgie
Ikoranabuhanga rya Chrome ore
1) Kongera gutorwa
Kugeza ubu, gutandukanya imbaraga bifite umwanya wingenzi mu nyungu zamabuye ya chromium. Uburyo bwo gutandukanya imbaraga za rukuruzi, bukoresha uburyo bworoshye mu mazi yo mu mazi nk'imyitwarire y'ibanze, buracyari uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutunganya ubutare bwa chromium ku isi. Ibikoresho byo gutandukanya imbaraga za rukuruzi ni chute izenguruka hamwe na centrifugal concentrated, kandi ingano yinganda zingana ni nini cyane. Mubisanzwe, itandukaniro ryubucucike hagati yimyunyu ngugu ya chromium namabuye y'agaciro ya gangue irenze 0.8g / cm3, kandi gutandukanya uburemere bwingingo zose zingana na 100um birashobora gushimisha. ibisubizo bya. Amabuye manini (100 ~ 0.5mm) ubutare butondekwa cyangwa bwatoranijwe mbere ninyungu ziciriritse, nuburyo bwo kugirira akamaro cyane ubukungu.
2) Gutandukana kwa rukuruzi
Gutandukanya Magnetique nuburyo bwo kugirira akamaro kumenya gutandukanya imyunyu ngugu mu murima wa magneti udahuje ukurikije itandukaniro rya rukuruzi ya minerval mu bucukuzi. Chromite ifite imbaraga za magnetique kandi irashobora gutandukanywa nimpeta ihagaritse ya gradient itandukanya magnetiki, itandukanya plaque ya magnetiki itandukanya nibindi bikoresho. Coefficients yihariye ya magnetiki yorohereza imyunyu ngugu ya chromium ikorerwa mu bucukuzi butandukanye bwa chromium butanga ahantu ku isi ntaho itandukaniye cyane, kandi irasa na coefficient yihariye ya magnetique ya wolframite na wolframite ikorerwa mu turere dutandukanye.
Hariho ibintu bibiri mugukoresha itandukanyirizo rya magnetique kugirango ubone intungamubiri za chromium zo mu rwego rwo hejuru: imwe ni ugukuraho imyunyu ngugu ikomeye ya magnetique (cyane cyane magnetite) mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro munsi ya magnetiki idakomeye kugirango yongere igipimo cya ferrochrome, ikindi ni ugukoresha a imbaraga za rukuruzi. Gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro ya gangue no kugarura ubutare bwa chromium (minerval nkeya).
3) Guhitamo amashanyarazi
Gutandukanya amashanyarazi nuburyo bwo gutandukanya ubutare bwa chromium na silikate ya gangue minerval ukoresheje imiterere yamashanyarazi yamabuye y'agaciro, nk'itandukaniro mumashanyarazi na dielectric ihoraho.
4) Flotation
Muburyo bwo gutandukanya imbaraga rukuruzi, ubutare bwiza (-100um) ubutare bwa chromite burajugunywa nkumurizo, ariko chromite yubunini iracyafite agaciro gakomeye ko gukoresha, kuburyo uburyo bwa flotation bushobora gukoreshwa murwego rwo hasi rwiza rwa Granite chromite. yagaruwe. Ihindurwa ryamabuye ya chromium hamwe na 20% ~ 40% Cr2O3 mumirizo hamwe ninzoka, olivine, rutile na calcium magnesium karubone minerval nkamabuye y'agaciro ya gangue. Amabuye y'agaciro ni hasi kugeza kuri 200 mm, ikirahuri cy'amazi, fosifate, metafosifate, fluorosilicate, n'ibindi bikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza no kubuza umwanda, kandi aside irike idahagije ikoreshwa nk'ikusanyirizo. Gutatanya no guhagarika agatsiko ka gangue ni ngombwa cyane mubikorwa bya flotation. Iyoni z'icyuma nk'icyuma na gurş birashobora gukora chromite. Iyo pH agaciro ka slurry iri munsi ya 6, chromite ntishobora kureremba. Muri make, flotation reagent ikoreshwa ni nini, urwego rwibanze ntiruhinduka, kandi igipimo cyo gukira ni gito. Ca2 + na Mg2 + zasheshwe mumabuye y'agaciro ya gangue bigabanya guhitamo inzira ya flotation.
5) Kunguka imiti
Uburyo bwa chimique ni ukuvura mu buryo butaziguye ubutare bwa chromite budashobora gutandukanywa nuburyo bwumubiri cyangwa ikiguzi cyuburyo bugaragara ni kinini. Ikigereranyo cya Cr / Fe yibitekerezo byakozwe nuburyo bwa shimi birarenze ibyo muburyo busanzwe bwumubiri. Uburyo bwa chimique burimo: gutoranya gutoranya, kugabanya okiside, gutandukanya gushonga, aside sulfurike na acide chromic acide, kugabanya no kugabanya aside aside ya sulfurike, nibindi. inzira muri chromite yunguka uyumunsi. Uburyo bwa chimique burashobora gukuramo chromium mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro hanyuma ikabyara chromium karbide na oxyde ya chromium.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-30-2021