Mu gihe cya "Gahunda y'imyaka itanu ya 14", nk'uko biteganywa n'igenamigambi ry'igihugu ry'"agace ka karuboni gafite agaciro ka karuboni n'ingufu za karuboni", inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri fotovoltaic zizatuma habaho iterambere rikomeye. Iterambere ry'inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri fotovoltaic "ryahesheje ubutunzi" uruhererekane rw'inganda zose. Muri uru ruhererekane rwiza, ikirahure gikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri fotovoltaic ni ikintu cy'ingenzi. Muri iki gihe, mu gushyigikira kubungabunga ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije, ibyifuzo by'ikirahure gikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri fotovoltaic biriyongera umunsi ku wundi, kandi hari ubusumbane hagati y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe. Muri icyo gihe, umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito n'umweru cyane, ibikoresho by'ingenzi ku kirahure gikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka kuri fotovoltaic, na wo wariyongereye, kandi igiciro cyariyongereye kandi ikiguzi kirake. Impuguke mu nganda zihanura ko umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito uziyongera mu gihe kirekire kirenga 15% mu gihe kirenga imyaka 10. Mu gihe cy'umuyaga mwinshi wa fotovoltaic, umusaruro w'umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito byakuruye abantu benshi.
1. Umucanga wa Quartz wo gukoresha ikirahure cya photovoltaic
Ikirahure cya photovoltaic gikoreshwa muri rusange nk'agace gashyirwamo ibikoresho bya photovoltaic, kandi gihura neza n'ibidukikije byo hanze. Ubudahangarwa bwacyo n'ikirere, imbaraga, uburyo urumuri rutanga n'ibindi bimenyetso bigira uruhare runini mu buzima bwa module za photovoltaic no gukora neza amashanyarazi mu gihe kirekire. Iyoni z'icyuma ziri mu mucanga wa quartz zoroshye kuzisiga irangi, kandi kugira ngo ikirahure cy'umwimerere gitanga urumuri rwinshi, ingano y'icyuma kiri mu kirahure cya photovoltaic ni nkeya ugereranyije n'ikirahure gisanzwe, kandi umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito ufite ubuziranenge bwa silicon n'ubuziranenge buke ugomba gukoreshwa.
Kugeza ubu, hari umucanga muto wa quartz ufite icyuma gito woroshye gucukura mu gihugu cyacu, kandi uboneka cyane cyane muri Heyuan, Guangxi, Fengyang, Anhui, Hainan n'ahandi. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushobozi bwo gukora ikirahure cy'umweru cyane ku tunyangingo tw'izuba, umucanga mwiza wa quartz ufite ubuso buke bwo gukora uzaba umutungo muke cyane. Gutanga umucanga mwiza kandi uhamye wa quartz bizagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibigo by'ibirahure bya photovoltaic mu gihe kizaza. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo kugabanya neza ingano y'icyuma, aluminiyumu, titaniyumu n'ibindi bintu bihumanya mu mucanga wa quartz no gutegura umucanga wa quartz ufite ubwiza bwinshi ni ingingo ikomeye y'ubushakashatsi.
2. Gukora umucanga wa quartz ukoresha icyuma gito wo gukoresha ikirahure cya photovoltaic
2.1 Gusukura Umucanga wa Quartz mu Kirahure cya Photovoltaic
Muri iki gihe, inzira gakondo zo gutunganya quartz zikoreshwa mu nganda zirimo gutondeka, gukaraba, kuzimya calcination-water, gusya, kuziba, gutandukanya magnetic, gutandukanya gravity, flotation, aside leaching, mikorobe leaching, gusohora gazi mu bushyuhe bwinshi, nibindi, inzira zo gutunganya cyane zirimo gukaranga chlorine, gutondeka amabara ashyushye, gutondeka superconducting magnetic sorting, vacuum mu bushyuhe bwinshi nibindi. Uburyo rusange bwo gutunganya quartz yo mu rugo nabwo bwatewe imbere kuva mu "gusya, gutandukanya magnetic, gukaraba" kugeza ku "gutandukanya → gusya cyane → gukaraba → gukaraba → kuzimya amazi → gusya → gupima → gutandukanya magnetic → flotation → aside. Uburyo bwo gutunganya → gukaraba → kumisha, buhujwe na mikorobe, ultrasonic n'ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya mbere cyangwa bufasha, butuma umusaruro wo gutunganya urushaho kuba mwiza. Ukurikije ibisabwa bike by'ikirahure cya photovoltaic, ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'uburyo bwo gukuraho umucanga wa quartz ahanini byinjijwe.
Muri rusange icyuma kibaho mu buryo butandatu bukurikira busanzwe mu mabuye ya quartz:
① Bibaho mu buryo bw'uduce duto tw'ibumba cyangwa feldspar ya kaolinized
②Ifatanye n'ubuso bw'uduce twa quartz mu buryo bwa firime ya oxide y'icyuma
③Ubutare bw'icyuma nka hematite, magnetite, specularite, qinite, n'ibindi cyangwa ubutare burimo icyuma nka mica, amphibole, garnet, n'ibindi.
④Iri mu buryo bwo kwibira cyangwa iri mu lenzi mu duce twa quartz
⑤ Iba mu buryo bw'umuti ukomeye imbere muri kristale ya quartz
⑥ Ingano runaka y'icyuma cya kabiri izavangwa mu gihe cyo gusya no gusya
Kugira ngo habeho gutandukanya neza amabuye y'agaciro arimo icyuma na quartz, ni ngombwa kubanza kumenya uko imyanda y'icyuma igaragara mu mabuye ya quartz no guhitamo uburyo bwo kuyabyaza umusaruro bukwiye hamwe n'uburyo bwo kuyatandukanya kugira ngo imyanda y'icyuma ikureho.
(1) Uburyo bwo gutandukanya magnetic
Uburyo bwo gutandukanya magnetic bushobora gukuraho imyunyu ngugu idakora neza nka hematite, limonite na biotite harimo n'uduce dufatanye ku rugero runini. Dukurikije imbaraga za magnetic, gutandukanya magnetic bishobora kugabanywamo gutandukanya magnetic bikomeye n'ugutandukanya magnetic bike. Gutandukanya magnetic bikomeye akenshi bikoresha gutandukanya magnetic bikomeye cyangwa gutandukanya magnetic cyane.
Muri rusange, umucanga wa quartz urimo imyunyu ngugu idakomeye cyane nka limonite, hematite, biotite, nibindi, ushobora gutoranywa hakoreshejwe imashini ikomeye ya rukuruzi yo mu bwoko bwa wet-type ku gaciro kari hejuru ya 8.0 × 105A / m; Ku myunyungugu ikomeye ya rukuruzi yiganjemo amabuye y'agaciro y'icyuma, ni byiza gukoresha imashini idakomeye ya rukuruzi cyangwa imashini iciriritse ya rukuruzi kugira ngo bitandukanywe. [2] Muri iki gihe, hamwe no gukoresha ibikoresho byo gutandukanya imbaraga za rukuruzi byo mu bwoko bwa gradient kandi bukomeye, gutandukanya imbaraga za rukuruzi no kuzisukura byararushijeho kunozwa cyane ugereranije no mu bihe byashize. Urugero, gukoresha imashini igabanya imbaraga za rukuruzi yo mu bwoko bwa electromagnetic induction roller kugira ngo ukureho icyuma kiri munsi ya 2.2T imbaraga za rukuruzi bishobora kugabanya ingano ya Fe2O3 kuva kuri 0.002% kugeza kuri 0.0002%.
(2) Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka
Kugenda mu kirere ni inzira yo gutandukanya uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro binyuze mu miterere itandukanye y’umubiri n’iya shimi ku buso bw’uduce tw’amabuye y’agaciro. Inshingano nyamukuru ni ugukuramo mica na feldspar by’amabuye y’agaciro bifitanye isano mu mucanga wa quartz. Kugira ngo habeho gutandukanya imyanda irimo icyuma na quartz, kumenya imiterere y’imyanda y’icyuma n’uburyo buri ngano y’uduce ikwirakwira ni ingenzi mu guhitamo inzira ikwiye yo gutandukanya icyuma kugira ngo gikureho. Imyunyungugu myinshi irimo icyuma ifite akantu k’amashanyarazi ka zeru hejuru ya 5, gafite ingufu nziza mu kirere gifite aside, kandi mu buryo bw’imitekerereze ikwiriye gukoreshwa n’ibikusanya anionic.
Aside ibinure (isabune), hydrocarbyl sulfonate cyangwa sulfate bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ikusanyirizo ry'amoniyoni mu gukurura ubutare bwa oxide y'icyuma. Pyrite ishobora kuba gukurura pyrite iva muri quartz mu buryo bwo gukamura hamwe n'umuti usanzwe wo gukurura isobutyl xanthate hamwe n'ifu y'umukara ya butylamine (4: 1). Igipimo ni hafi 200ppmw.
Ubusanzwe ilmenite ikoresha sodium oleate (0.21mol/L) nk'ikintu gihindura pH kugira ngo ihindure pH igere kuri 4 ~ 10. Ihinduka ry'imiti riba hagati ya iyoni za oleate n'uduce tw'icyuma ku buso bwa ilmenite kugira ngo hakorwe iron oleate, inyuzwamo imiti. Iyoni za oleate zituma ilmenite irushaho kureremba. Imashini zikusanya aside fosforasi zishingiye kuri hydrocarbon zakozwe mu myaka ya vuba aha zifite ubushobozi bwo guhitamo neza no gukusanya ilmenite.
(3) Uburyo bwo gusohora aside
Intego nyamukuru y’iyi gahunda yo gukuraho aside ni ugukuraho imyunyu ngugu y’icyuma ishongesha mu gisubizo cya aside. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo gusukura kwa aside birimo ingano y’uduce tw’umucanga wa quartz, ubushyuhe, igihe, ubwoko bwa aside, ubwinshi bwa aside, igipimo cy’amazi akomeye, nibindi, no kongera ubushyuhe n’umuti wa aside. Gushyira hamwe no kugabanya uburebure bw’uduce twa quartz bishobora kongera igipimo cyo gukuraho aside n’igipimo cyo gukuraho Al. Ingaruka zo gusukura aside imwe ni nke, kandi aside ivanze ifite ingaruka zo guhuza, zishobora kongera cyane igipimo cyo gukuraho ibintu by’umwanda nka Fe na K. Aside zisanzwe zisanzwe ni HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4, H2C2O4, muri rusange ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi muri zo zivanze kandi zigakoreshwa mu rugero runaka.
Aside ya Oxalike ni aside organic ikoreshwa cyane mu gukuraho aside. Ishobora gukora complex ihamye ikoresheje iyoni z'icyuma zashongeshejwe, kandi imyanda yogezwa byoroshye. Ifite ibyiza byo kuba ifite dose nke kandi ikuramo icyuma kinini. Hari abantu bakoresha ultrasound kugira ngo bafashe mu gusukura aside ya Oxalike, kandi basanze ugereranije na ultrasound isanzwe yo gukangura no gukangura, ultrasound ya probe ifite igipimo cyo gukuraho Fe kinini, ingano ya aside ya Oxalike iri munsi ya 4g/L, kandi igipimo cyo gukuraho icyuma kigera kuri 75.4%.
Kuba hariho aside ya hydrofluoric na aside hydrofluoric bishobora gukuraho imyanda y'icyuma nka Fe, Al, Mg, ariko ingano ya aside hydrofluoric igomba kugenzurwa kuko aside hydrofluoric ishobora kwangiza uduce twa quartz. Gukoresha ubwoko butandukanye bwa aside bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'uburyo bwo gutunganya. Muri byo, aside ivanze ya HCl na HF ifite ingaruka nziza zo kuyitunganya. Hari abantu bakoresha HCl na HF mixed leaching agent kugira ngo basukure umucanga wa quartz nyuma yo gutandukana na magnetique. Binyuze mu gutandukanya chemical, ingano yose y'ibintu bihumanye ni 40.71μg/g, kandi ubuziranenge bwa SiO2 bugera kuri 99.993wt%.
(4) Gusohora mikorobe mu mazi
Udukoko duto dukoreshwa mu gukuraho icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "filtrum" cyangwa gutera icyuma hejuru y'uduce tw'umucanga wa quartz, ubu ni uburyo buherutse gukorwa bwo gukuraho icyuma. Ubushakashatsi bw'amahanga bwagaragaje ko gukoresha Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Pseudomonas, Polymyxin Bacillus n'utundi dukoko duto mu gukuraho icyuma hejuru y'icyuma cya quartz byatanze umusaruro mwiza, aho ingaruka za Aspergillus niger zo gukuraho icyuma ari nziza. Igipimo cyo gukuraho Fe2O3 kiri hejuru ya 75%, kandi urwego rwa Fe2O3 ruri hasi ya 0.007%. Kandi byagaragaye ko ingaruka zo gukuraho icyuma mbere yo guhinga bagiteri nyinshi n'ibihumyo byaba byiza kurushaho.
2.2 Indi ntambwe ubushakashatsi bwateye ku mucanga wa quartz ku kirahuri cya photovoltaic
Kugira ngo bigabanye aside, bigabanye ingorane zo gutunganya imyanda, kandi bitangiza ibidukikije, Peng Shou [5] n'abandi batangaje uburyo bwo gutegura umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito cya 10ppm hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusya: quartz y'imitsi karemano ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo, no gusya mu byiciro bitatu, Gusya mu cyiciro cya mbere no mu cyiciro cya kabiri bishobora kubona grit ya 0.1 ~ 0.7mm; grit itandukanywa n'icyiciro cya mbere cyo gutandukanya magnetic n'icyiciro cya kabiri cyo gukuraho icyuma gikomeye n'amabuye y'agaciro afite magnetic kugira ngo haboneke umucanga wo gutandukanya magnetic; gutandukanya magnetic kw'umucanga kuboneka mu cyiciro cya kabiri. Fe2O3 iri munsi ya 10ppm umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito, flotation ikoresha H2SO4 nk'umugenzuzi, ihindura pH = 2 ~ 3, ikoresha sodium oleate na propylene diamine ishingiye ku mavuta ya kokonati nk'abakusanya. Umucanga wa quartz wateguwe SiO2≥99.9%, Fe2O3≤10ppm, wujuje ibisabwa by'ibikoresho fatizo bya siliceous bikenewe ku kirahuri cy'urumuri, ikirahuri cyerekana amashanyarazi, n'ikirahuri cya quartz.
Ku rundi ruhande, bitewe n’igabanuka ry’umutungo wa quartz mwiza, ikoreshwa ry’umutungo uciriritse ryakuruye abantu benshi. Xie Enjun wo mu Bushinwa ushinzwe ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. yakoresheje imitako ya kaolin mu gutegura umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito wo gukora ikirahure cya photovoltaic. Ibigize amabuye y’agaciro ya Fujian kaolin ni quartz, irimo amabuye y’agaciro make nka kaolinite, mica, na feldspar. Nyuma y’uko imitako ya kaolin itunganyijwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kunoza "gusya-hydraulic classification-magnetic separation-flotation", ingano ya 0.6 ~ 0.125mm irenga 95%, SiO2 ni 99.62%, Al2O3 ni 0.065%, Fe2O3 ni 92 × 10-6 fine quartz sand ihuye n’ibisabwa n’umucanga wa quartz ufite icyuma gito wo gukora ikirahure cya photovoltaic.
Shao Weihua n'abandi bo mu Kigo cya Zhengzhou gishinzwe Ikoreshwa ry’Umutungo Mbonera w’Amabuye y’Agaciro, Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubumenyi bw’Isi ry’Abashinwa, basohoye patenti y’ubuvumbuzi: uburyo bwo gutegura umucanga wa quartz utunganye cyane uva mu miyoboro ya kaolin. Intambwe z’uburyo: a. Imiyoboro ya Kaolin ikoreshwa nk'amabuye y’agaciro, ayungururwa nyuma yo gukangurwa no gukaraba kugira ngo haboneke ibikoresho +0.6mm; b. Ibintu +0.6mm birasenywa kandi bigashyirwa mu byiciro, kandi ibikoresho by’amabuye y’agaciro bya 0.4mm0.1mm bishyirwa mu bikorwa byo gutandukanya magnetic. Kugira ngo haboneke ibikoresho bya magnetic n’ibitari magnetic, ibikoresho bitari magnetic byinjira mu gikorwa cyo gutandukanya magnetic kugira ngo haboneke amabuye y’agaciro yo gutandukanya magnetic n’amabuye y’agaciro yo gutandukanya magnetic, kandi amabuye y’agaciro yo gutandukanya magnetic yinjira mu gikorwa cyo gusesengura kugira ngo haboneke amabuye y’agaciro +0.1mm; c +0.1mm Ibuye ry’agaciro ryinjiye mu gikorwa cyo gusesengura kugira ngo haboneke imbaraga zo gusesengura. Amazi yo hejuru y’umucanga wa flotation arakurwaho hanyuma agakurwaho amazi ya ultrasonic, hanyuma agashungurwa kugira ngo haboneke ibikoresho bikomeye bya +0.1mm nk’umucanga wa quartz utunganye cyane. Uburyo bwo kuvumbura ntibushobora gusa kubona ibicuruzwa bya quartz byiza cyane, ahubwo bunagira igihe gito cyo kubitunganya, uburyo bworoshye bwo kubitunganya, ingufu nke zikoreshwa, hamwe n’ubwiza bwa quartz yabonetse, bushobora guhaza ibisabwa by’ubwiza bwa quartz ifite isuku nyinshi.
Amasafuriya ya Kaolin arimo umutungo mwinshi wa quartz. Binyuze mu kuyatunganya, kuyasukura no kuyatunganya mu buryo bwimbitse, ashobora kuzuza ibisabwa kugira ngo akoreshe ibikoresho fatizo by’ikirahure cy’umweru cyane. Ibi kandi bitanga igitekerezo gishya cyo gukoresha neza umutungo wa kaolin.
3. Ishusho rusange y'isoko ry'umucanga wa quartz ukoresha icyuma gito ku kirahuri cya photovoltaic
Ku ruhande rumwe, mu gice cya kabiri cya 2020, ubushobozi bwo kongera umusaruro ntibushobora guhangana n'ubukene bukabije mu gihe cy'iterambere rikabije. Ingano y'ibicuruzwa n'ubukene bw'ibirahure bya photovoltaic birangana, kandi igiciro kirimo kuzamuka. Mu bufatanye bw'ibigo byinshi bya photovoltaic module, mu Kuboza 2020, Minisiteri y'Inganda n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazamakuru yasohoye inyandiko isobanura ko umushinga w'ibirahure bya photovoltaic ushobora kudashyiraho gahunda yo gusimbuza ubushobozi. Bitewe n'iyi politiki nshya, igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bw'ibirahure bya photovoltaic kiziyongera guhera mu 2021. Nk'uko amakuru ya rubanda abivuga, ubushobozi bw'ibirahure bya photovoltaic bifite gahunda isobanutse yo gukora muri 21/22 buzagera kuri 22250/26590t/d, hamwe n'igipimo cy'ubwiyongere bwa 68.4/48.6% ku mwaka. Mu bijyanye n'ingwate za politiki n'ubukene, umucanga wa photovoltaic witezweho kuzana iterambere rikabije.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora ikirahuri cya photovoltaic 2015-2022
Ku rundi ruhande, kwiyongera gukomeye mu bushobozi bwo gukora ikirahure cya photovoltaic bishobora gutuma umucanga wa silica udafite icyuma kinini urenga ubushobozi bwo gukora, ibyo bigatuma ubushobozi bwo gukora ikirahure cya photovoltaic bugabanuka. Dukurikije imibare, kuva mu 2014, umusaruro w'umucanga wa quartz wo mu gihugu cyanjye muri rusange wari uri hasi gato ugereranije n'umusaruro wo mu gihugu, kandi umusaruro n'umusaruro byakomeje kungana neza.
Muri icyo gihe, umutungo wa quartz wo mu gihugu cyanjye ukoreshwa mu gutwika icyuma gito ni muke, wiganje muri Heyuan ya Guangdong, Beihai ya Guangxi, Fengyang ya Anhui na Donghai ya Jiangsu, kandi umubare munini wabyo ugomba gutumizwa mu mahanga.
Umucanga wa quartz w’umweru cyane ni kimwe mu bikoresho by’ingenzi (bigizwe na 25% by’ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho by’ibanze) mu myaka ya vuba aha. Igiciro nacyo cyakomeje kuzamuka. Mu bihe byashize, cyari gifite hafi yuan 200 kuri toni igihe kirekire. Nyuma y’icyorezo cya Epulo 1 mu myaka 20 ishize, cyagabanutse kiva ku rwego rwo hejuru, kandi ubu kirimo gukomeza gukora neza kugeza ubu.
Mu 2020, igihugu cyanjye gikeneye umucanga wa quartz muri rusange ungana na toni miliyoni 90.93, umusaruro uzaba toni miliyoni 87.65, naho itumizwa mu mahanga ungana na toni miliyoni 3.278. Nk’uko amakuru atangazwa n’abaturage abivuga, ingano y’amabuye ya quartz mu 100kg y’ibirahure bishongeshejwe ni hafi 72.2kg. Dukurikije gahunda yo kwagura ubu, kongera ubushobozi bw’ibirahure bya photovoltaic muri 2021/2022 bishobora kugera kuri 3.23/24500t/d, dukurikije umusaruro wa buri mwaka. Mu gihe cy’iminsi 360, umusaruro wose uzahura n’ubwiyongere bushya bw’umucanga wa silica ufite icyuma gito wa toni miliyoni 836/635/umwaka, ni ukuvuga ko, icyifuzo gishya cy’umucanga wa silica ufite icyuma gito wazanywe n’ibirahure bya photovoltaic muri 2021/2022 kizaba 9.2%/7.0% by’ubwiyongere bw’ibirahure. Bitewe n’uko umucanga wa silica ukoresha icyuma gito ugize igice cy’umucanga wose wa silica ukenewe gusa, igitutu cy’umucanga wa silica ukoresha icyuma gito giterwa n’ishoramari rinini ry’ubushobozi bwo gukora ikirahure cya photovoltaic gishobora kuba kinini cyane kuruta igitutu cy’inganda zose zikora umucanga wa quartz.
—Ingingo yavuye kuri Powder Network
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 11-2021