Kubera imiterere yihariye y’umubiri n’imiti, kaolini ni umutungo w’amabuye y’agaciro utari uw’icyuma mu byuma bya keramike, mu gukora impapuro, mu byuma bya kawurute, mu byuma bya pulasitiki, mu byuma bitunganya peteroli, mu bindi bikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, mu buhinzi no mu by’ingabo z’igihugu. Ubweru bwa kaolini ni ikimenyetso cy’ingenzi cy’agaciro kayo.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kwera kwa kaolini
Kaolin ni ubwoko bw'ibumba ryiza cyangwa ibuye ry'ibumba rigizwe ahanini n'amabuye y'agaciro ya kaolinite. Ifuru yayo ya kristalo ni 2SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2H2O. Hari amabuye make atari ibumba ari yo quartz, feldspar, icyuma, titaniyumu, aluminium hydroxide na oxyde, ibintu by'umwimerere, n'ibindi.
Imiterere ya kaolini ikoze mu buryo bwa kristu
Dukurikije imiterere n'imiterere y'imyanda muri kaolini, imyanda ituma umweru wa kaolini ugabanuka ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu: karuboni organic; Ibintu by'ibara, nka Fe, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, Mn, nibindi; Imyunyu ngugu yijimye, nka biotite, chlorite, nibindi. Muri rusange, ingano ya V, Cr, Cu, Mn n'ibindi bintu biri muri kaolini ni nto, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka nke ku kwera. Ibigize imyunyu ngugu n'ingano y'icyuma na titaniyumu ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku kwera kwa kaolini. Kubaho kwabyo ntibizagira ingaruka gusa ku kwera karemano kwa kaolini, ahubwo binagira ingaruka ku kwera kwayo kwa calcium. By'umwihariko, kuba hari icyuma cya okiside bigira ingaruka mbi ku ibara ry'ibumba kandi bigabanya urumuri rwaryo no kwirinda umuriro. Kandi nubwo ingano ya okiside, hidroxide na okiside y'icyuma ya okiside ari 0.4%, birahagije kugira ngo ibumba rihinduke umutuku ribe umuhondo. Izi okiside z'icyuma na hydroxide zishobora kuba hematite (umutuku), maghemite (umutuku-umukara), goethite (umuhondo w'umukara), limonite (umuhondo), okiside y'icyuma yuzuye (umutuku w'umukara), n'ibindi. Dushobora kuvuga ko gukuraho imyanda y'icyuma muri kaolini bigira uruhare runini cyane mu ikoreshwa ryiza rya kaolini.
Imiterere y'ikintu cy'icyuma
Imiterere y'icyuma muri kaolini ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru igena uburyo bwo gukuraho icyuma. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwemeza ko icyuma cya kristu mu buryo bw'uduce duto cyane kivangwa muri kaolini, mu gihe icyuma kitagira imiterere gitwikiriye hejuru y'uduce duto twa kaolini. Kuri ubu, imiterere y'icyuma muri kaolini igabanyijemo ubwoko bubiri mu gihugu no mu mahanga: bumwe ni mu micungamutungo ya kaolinite n'imitako (nka mica, titanium dioxide na illite), byitwa icyuma cy'imiterere; Ubundi ni mu buryo bw'imicungamutungo ya kristu, bwitwa icyuma cyigenga (harimo icyuma cyo hejuru, icyuma cya kristu gito n'icyuma kitagira imiterere).
Icyuma gikurwaho no gukuraho icyuma no kugihindura umweru ni icyuma cyigenga, ahanini kirimo magnetite, hematite, limonite, siderite, pyrite, ilmenite, jarosite n'indi myunyungugu; Ubutare bwinshi bubaho mu buryo bwa limonite ya colloidal itambitse cyane, n'ingano nto mu buryo bwa goethite na hematite y'umuzenguruko, acicular na irregular.
Uburyo bwo gukuraho icyuma no kugitunganya hakoreshejwe kaolini
Gutandukanya amazi
Ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukuraho imyunyu ngugu yangiritse nka quartz, feldspar na mica, hamwe n'imyanda ikomeye nk'imyanda y'amabuye, ndetse n'imyunyungugu imwe na imwe y'icyuma na titaniyumu. Imyunyungugu yanduye ifite ubucucike bungana kandi ishonga nka kaolin ntishobora gukurwaho, kandi ubwiza bw'ubuziranenge ntibugaragara, ibyo bikaba bikwiye mu kongerera no kweza amabuye ya kaolin meza cyane.
Gutandukanya amashanyarazi n'amakuru
Imyanda y’amabuye y’agaciro muri kaolini akenshi iba ari magnetic idakomeye. Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo gutandukanya magnetic ikoresheje gradient strong magnetic bukoreshwa cyane cyane, cyangwa magnetic idafite imbaraga ihinduka magnetic ikoresheje oxide ikomeye y’icyuma nyuma yo kuyiteka, hanyuma ikakurwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bwo gutandukanya magnetic.
Iseguranguteri ya rukuruzi y'impeta ihagaze ifite ubugari bwinshi
Imashini igabanya ubukana bwa rukuruzi ku buryo bwo gushonga hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi
Itandukanya rukuruzi rikoresha ubushyuhe buke
Uburyo bwo kuzenguruka
Uburyo bwo gukurura kaolini bwakoreshejwe mu kuvura kaolini iva mu bidukikije by’ibanze n’iby’inyongera. Mu nzira yo gukurura kaolinite n’uduce twa mica biratandukanywa, kandi ibicuruzwa byasukuwe ni ibikoresho byinshi by’ibanze bikwiye mu nganda. Gutandukanya kaolinite na feldspar mu gukurura kaolinite bikunze gukorwa mu gishanga gifite pH igenzurwa.
Uburyo bwo kugabanya
Uburyo bwo kugabanya ni ugukoresha ikintu kigabanya imyanda mu kugabanya imyanda mu byuma (nka hematite na limonite) mu buryo bwa trivalent ya kaolin kugeza kuri bivalent iron iyons zishonga, zikurwaho binyuze mu kuyungurura no gukaraba. Gukuraho imyanda ya Fe3+ muri kaolin y’inganda akenshi bigerwaho binyuze mu guhuza ikoranabuhanga rigezweho (gutandukanya magnetic, gutandukanya ibintu mu buryo bwa selective flocculation) no kuvura imiti mu gihe habayeho aside cyangwa kugabanya.
Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4), izwi kandi nka sodium hydrosulfite, igira akamaro mu kugabanya no gukuramo ubutare muri kaolin, kandi ubu ikoreshwa mu nganda za kaolin. Ariko, ubu buryo bugomba gukorwa mu gihe hari aside nyinshi (pH<3), bigatuma ikiguzi cyo gukora kizamuka ndetse n'ingaruka ku bidukikije. Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya shimi ya sodium hydrosulfite ntihindagurika, isaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kubika no gutwara ibintu.
Diyozede ya Thiourea: (NH2) 2CSO2, TD) ni umuti ukomeye wo kugabanya ibintu, ufite ibyiza byo kugabanya ibintu bikomeye, kubungabunga ibidukikije, kugabanuka kw'ibinyabutabire, umutekano n'igiciro gito cyo gukora ibintu byose. Fe3+ idashonga muri kaolin ishobora kugabanuka ikaba Fe2+ ishonga binyuze muri TD.
Nyuma y’ibyo, umweru wa kaolini ushobora kwiyongera nyuma yo kuyungurura no gukaraba. TD irahamye cyane mu bushyuhe bw’icyumba no mu bihe biri hagati y’ibipimo. Ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabanya TD buboneka gusa mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi (pH>10) cyangwa ubushyuhe (T>70 ° C), bigatuma ikiguzi cyo gukora kirushaho kuba kinini kandi bigorana.
Uburyo bwo gusiga ogisijeni
Uburyo bwo kuvura okiside burimo gukoresha ozone, peroxide ya hydrogen, permanganate ya potasiyumu na hypochlorite ya sodium kugira ngo ukureho urwego rwa karuboni rwambitswe kugira ngo wongere umweru. Kaolini iri ahantu harehare munsi y'umutwaro mwinshi iba imvi, kandi icyuma kiri muri kaolini kiba kiri mu rwego rwo kugabanya. Koresha ibintu bikomeye bigabanya okiside nka ozone cyangwa sodium hypochlorite kugira ngo woge FeS2 idashobora gushonga muri pyrite ijya muri Fe2+, hanyuma woge kugira ngo ukure Fe2+ muri sisitemu.
Uburyo bwo gusohora aside
Uburyo bwo gukuraho aside ni uguhindura imyanda y’icyuma idashonga muri kaolini mo ibintu bishobora gushonga mu bisubizo bya aside (aside hidrokloriki, aside sulfuriki, aside oxalike, nibindi), bityo bigatuma habaho gutandukana na kaolini. Ugereranyije n’izindi aside organic, aside oxalike ifatwa nk'ifite icyizere cyane kubera imbaraga zayo za aside, ubushobozi bwo guhuza neza no kugabanya cyane. Hamwe na aside oxalike, icyuma cyashongeshejwe gishobora kuva mu gisubizo cyashongeshejwe mu buryo bwa oxalike ya ferrous, kandi gishobora gutunganywa kurushaho kugira ngo kibe hematite nziza binyuze mu gukaranga. Aside oxalike ishobora kuboneka ku giciro gito mu zindi nganda, kandi mu cyiciro cyo gutwika mu nganda, oxalike iyo ari yo yose isigaye mu bikoresho byavuwe izahinduka dioxyde de carbone. Abashakashatsi benshi bize ibyavuye mu gushonga kwa oxalike y’icyuma hakoreshejwe aside oxalike.
Uburyo bwo gukaraba ubushyuhe bwinshi
Gukaranga ni inzira yo gukora ibicuruzwa byihariye bya kaolin. Dukurikije ubushyuhe bwo kuvurwa, hakorwa ubwoko bubiri butandukanye bwa kaolin ifite calcium. Gukaranga mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya 650-700 ℃ bikuraho itsinda rya hydroxyl, kandi umwuka w'amazi usohoka wongera ubushobozi bwo gukaranga no kudahinduka kwa kaolin, ari na byo bintu byiza cyane mu gushyira ku mpapuro. Byongeye kandi, gushyushya kaolin kuri 1000-1050 ℃, ntibishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo gukaranga gusa, ahubwo binatuma habaho umweru wa 92-95%.
Gutunganya chlorine
Ubutare na titaniyumu byakuwe mu mabuye y'ibumba, cyane cyane kaolini hakoreshejwe chlorination, kandi umusaruro mwiza wabonetse. Mu gihe cyo gukoresha chlorination no gukaranga, ku bushyuhe bwinshi (700 ℃ - 1000 ℃), kaolinite yahinduwe dehydroxylation kugira ngo ikore metakaolinite, kandi ku bushyuhe bwinshi, spinel na mullite birakorwa. Izi mpinduka zongerera ubukana bw'amazi, ubukana n'ingano y'uduce duto binyuze mu gusya. Amabuye yatunganyijwe muri ubu buryo ashobora gukoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi, nko mu mpapuro, PVC, rubber, pulasitiki, kole, gusiga irangi no gusya amenyo. Ubukana bw'amazi butuma aya mabuye ahuzwa neza n'uburyo bw'ibinyabuzima.
Uburyo bwa mikorobe
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro hakoreshejwe mikorobe ni ikintu gishya mu gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro, harimo ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuraho mikorobe n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuraho mikorobe. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuraho mikorobe mu madini ni ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuraho rikoresha imikoranire yimbitse hagati ya mikorobe n'amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo risenye agace k'amabuye y'agaciro kandi rishongeshe ibice by'ingirakamaro. Oxidized pyrite n'andi mabuye ya sulfide ari muri kaolini ashobora gusukurwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga ryo gukuraho mikorobe. Mikorobe zikunze gukoreshwa zirimo Thiobacillus ferroxidans na bagiteri zigabanya Fe. Uburyo bwa mikorobe bufite ikiguzi gito kandi budahumanya ibidukikije, ibyo bikaba bitazagira ingaruka ku miterere ya kaolini n'ibinyabutabire. Ni uburyo bushya bwo gutunganya no kweza bufite amahirwe yo guteza imbere amabuye y'agaciro ya kaolini.
Incamake
Gukuraho icyuma no kuvura kaolini bigomba guhitamo uburyo bwiza bitewe n’impamvu zitandukanye n’intego zitandukanye zo kuyikoresha, kunoza imikorere y’ubuziranenge bw’amabuye y’agaciro ya kaolini, no gutuma ikoreshwa neza kandi ikagira agaciro gakomeye mu bukungu. Iterambere ry’ejo hazaza rigomba kuba uguhuza imiterere y’uburyo bwa chimique, uburyo bukoreshwa mu buryo bw’umubiri n’uburyo bwa mikorobe mu buryo bw’umwimerere, kugira ngo ibyiza byabwo birusheho kugaragara no kugabanya ibibi n’intege nke zabwo, kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro mwiza wo kuvura. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa kandi gukomeza kwiga uburyo bushya bwo gukuraho umwanda no kunoza inzira yo gukuraho icyuma no kuvura kaolini mu cyerekezo cy’icyatsi kibisi, cyiza kandi gito.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-02-2023