Hamwe nimiterere yihariye yumubiri nubumashini, kaolin numutungo wingenzi wamabuye yubutare mubutaka, gukora impapuro, reberi, plastike, inganda, gutunganya peteroli nizindi nganda n’ubuhinzi n’ingabo z’igihugu zigezweho. Umweru wa kaolin ni ikimenyetso cyingenzi cyerekana agaciro kacyo.
Ibintu bigira umweru wa kaolin
Kaolin ni ubwoko bwibumba ryiza cyangwa ibumba ryibumba rigizwe namabuye ya kaolinite. Imiti ya christal christal ni 2SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2H2O. Umubare muto wamabuye y'agaciro atari ibumba ni quartz, feldspar, minerval fer, titanium, hydroxide ya aluminium na oxyde, ibintu kama, nibindi.
Imiterere ya Crystalline ya kaolin
Ukurikije uko imiterere n’imiterere y’umwanda biri muri kaolin, umwanda utera kugabanuka kwera kwa kaolin urashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: karubone kama; Ibintu bya pigment, nka Fe, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, Mn, nibindi; Amabuye y'agaciro yijimye, nka biotite, chlorite, nibindi. Mubisanzwe, ibirimo V, Cr, Cu, Mn nibindi bintu muri kaolin ni bito, bidafite ingaruka nke kumweru. Ibigize imyunyu ngugu n'ibirimo fer na titanium nibintu nyamukuru bigira ingaruka kumweru wa kaolin. Kubaho kwabo ntabwo bizahindura gusa umweru wa kaolin gusa, ahubwo bizagira ingaruka no kubara kwera. By'umwihariko, kuba oxyde ya fer igira ingaruka mbi ku ibara ryibumba kandi bigabanya ububengerane bwayo no kurwanya umuriro. Kandi niyo ingano ya oxyde, hydroxide na hydrated oxyde ya oxyde ya fer ari 0.4%, birahagije guha ibumba ryibumba ritukura kumabara yumuhondo. Iyi oxyde ya fer na hydroxide irashobora kuba hematite (umutuku), maghemite (umutuku-umutuku), goethite (umuhondo wijimye), limonite (orange), okiside yicyuma (umutuku wijimye), nibindi. Birashobora kuvugwa ko kuvanaho umwanda wicyuma muri kaolin ifite uruhare runini cyane mugukoresha neza kaolin.
Imiterere yibintu byicyuma
Imiterere yibyuma muri kaolin nikintu nyamukuru kigena uburyo bwo gukuramo ibyuma. Umubare munini wubushakashatsi wemeza ko icyuma cya kristaline muburyo bwa selile nziza kivanze muri kaolin, mugihe icyuma cya amorphous gitwikiriwe hejuru yuduce duto twa kaolin. Kugeza ubu, icyuma kiboneka muri kaolin kigabanijwemo ubwoko bubiri mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo: imwe iri muri kaolinite hamwe n’amabuye y'agaciro (nka mika, dioxyde de titanium na illite), bita ibyuma byubaka; Ibindi biri muburyo bwamabuye y'agaciro yigenga, yitwa icyuma cyubusa (harimo icyuma cyo hejuru, icyuma cyiza cya kristaline nicyuma cya amorphous).
Icyuma cyakuweho no gukuraho ibyuma no kwera kaolin nicyuma cyubusa, cyane cyane harimo magnetite, hematite, limonite, siderite, pyrite, ilmenite, jarosite nandi mabuye y'agaciro; Ibyuma byinshi bibaho muburyo bwa colloidal limonite ikwirakwijwe cyane, hamwe na bike muburyo bwa spherical, acicular na goethite idasanzwe na hematite.
Gukuraho ibyuma nuburyo bwera bwa kaolin
Gutandukanya amazi
Ubu buryo bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukuraho amabuye y'agaciro yangiza nka quartz, feldspar na mika, hamwe n’umwanda mwinshi nk'imyanda yo mu rutare, ndetse n'amabuye y'agaciro ya fer na titanium. Amabuye y'agaciro adahumanye afite ubucucike busa no gukomera kuri kaolin ntashobora kuvaho, kandi iterambere ryera ntirigaragara neza, rikwiriye kugirira akamaro no kwera ubutare bwa kaolin bufite ubuziranenge.
Gutandukana kwa rukuruzi
Imyunyu ngugu ya fer muri kaolin mubisanzwe ni magnetique. Kugeza ubu, uburyo bwo hejuru bwo gutandukanya imbaraga za magnetique zikoreshwa cyane cyane, cyangwa imyunyu ngugu ya magnetiki idakomeye ihindurwamo imbaraga zikomeye za magnetique nyuma yo kotsa, hanyuma igakurwaho nuburyo busanzwe bwo gutandukanya magneti.
Impeta ihagaritse impagarike ya magnetiki itandukanya
Urwego rwo hejuru rukuruzi ya magnetiki itandukanya amashanyarazi
Ubushyuhe bwo hasi burenze magnetiki itandukanya
Uburyo bwa Flotation
Uburyo bwa flotation bwakoreshejwe mukuvura kaolin kuva mububiko bwibanze nubwa kabiri. Mubikorwa bya flotation, ibice bya kaolinite na mika biratandukana, kandi ibicuruzwa bisukuye nibikoresho byinshi biboneye byinganda. Guhitamo flotation gutandukanya kaolinite na feldspar mubisanzwe bikorwa mubitotsi hamwe na pH igenzurwa.
Uburyo bwo kugabanya
Uburyo bwo kugabanya ni ugukoresha imiti igabanya kugabanya umwanda wicyuma (nka hematite na limonite) muburyo butatu bwa kaolin kugirango ibashe gukonjesha ibyuma bya ion, bivanwaho no kuyungurura no gukaraba. Kurandura Fe3 + umwanda muri kaolin yinganda mubisanzwe bigerwaho muguhuza tekinoroji yumubiri (gutandukanya magnetique, flocculation ihitamo) hamwe no kuvura imiti mugihe acide cyangwa kugabanya ibihe.
Sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4), izwi kandi nka sodium hydrosulfite, ifite akamaro mu kugabanya no kumena ibyuma biva muri kaolin, kuri ubu bikaba bikoreshwa mu nganda za kaolin. Nyamara, ubu buryo bugomba gukorwa mubihe bikomeye bya acide (pH <3), bikavamo amafaranga menshi yo gukora nibidukikije. Byongeye kandi, imiti yimiti ya sodium hydrosulfite ntigihungabana, bisaba kubika no guhenda bidasanzwe kandi bihenze.
Dioxyde ya Thiourea: (NH2) 2CSO2, TD) nigikoresho gikomeye cyo kugabanya, gifite ibyiza byo kugabanya imbaraga zikomeye, kubungabunga ibidukikije, igipimo cyangirika, umutekano nigiciro gito cyibicuruzwa. Kudashonga Fe3 + muri kaolin birashobora kugabanuka gushonga Fe2 + binyuze muri TD.
Ibikurikira, umweru wa kaolin urashobora kwiyongera nyuma yo kuyungurura no gukaraba. TD ihagaze neza mubushyuhe bwicyumba no mubihe bidafite aho bibogamiye. Ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabanya TD bushobora kuboneka gusa mubihe bya alkaline ikomeye (pH> 10) cyangwa gushyushya (T> 70 ° C), bikavamo ibikorwa byinshi kandi bigoye.
Uburyo bwa Oxidation
Kuvura Oxidation bikubiyemo gukoresha ozone, hydrogen peroxide, potasiyumu permanganate na sodium hypochlorite kugirango ukureho karubone yamamajwe kugirango yongere umweru. Kaolin ahantu harehare munsi yumutwaro uremereye ni imvi, naho icyuma muri kaolin kiri muburyo bugabanuka. Koresha imbaraga zikomeye za okiside nka ozone cyangwa sodium hypochlorite kugirango uhindure okiside FeS2 idashonga muri pyrite kugirango ushire Fe2 +, hanyuma ukarabe kugirango ukure Fe2 + muri sisitemu.
Uburyo bwa acide
Uburyo bwo kumena aside ni uguhindura imyanda idashobora gushonga muri kaolin ikaboneka mubintu byashonga mubisubizo bya acide (aside hydrochloric, aside sulfurike, aside oxyde, nibindi), bityo ukamenya gutandukana na kaolin. Ugereranije nandi acide kama, acide oxyde ifatwa nkicyizere cyane kubera imbaraga za acide, imitungo myiza igoye hamwe nubushobozi bwo kugabanya cyane. Hamwe na aside ya oxyde, icyuma gishongeshejwe gishobora gutwarwa nigisubizo kiva muburyo bwa ferrous oxalate, kandi gishobora gutunganywa kugirango kibe hematite yuzuye binyuze mukubara. Acide ya Oxalic irashobora kuboneka bihendutse mubindi bikorwa byinganda, kandi mugihe cyo kurasa cyo gukora ceramic, oxalate isigaye mubikoresho bivuwe izabora mo dioxyde de carbone. Abashakashatsi benshi bakoze ubushakashatsi ku bisubizo byo gushonga okiside ya fer hamwe na aside aside.
Uburyo bwo kubara ubushyuhe bwo hejuru
Kubara ninzira yo kubyara ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe bya kaolin. Ukurikije ubushyuhe bwo kuvura, hakorwa ibyiciro bibiri bitandukanye bya kaoline yabazwe. Kubara mubipimo by'ubushyuhe bwa 650-700 ℃ bikuraho itsinda rya hydroxyl yubatswe, kandi umwuka wamazi uhunga byongera ubworoherane nubusembwa bwa kaolin, nikintu cyiza cyo gushira impapuro. Byongeye kandi, mu gushyushya kaolin kuri 1000-1050 ℃, ntishobora kongera abradabilite gusa, ahubwo ishobora no kwera 92-95%.
Kubara Chlorination
Icyuma na titanium byakuwe mu myunyu ngugu y'ibumba, cyane cyane kaolin na chlorine, kandi ibisubizo byiza byabonetse. Mubikorwa bya chlorine no kubara, mubushyuhe bwinshi (700 ℃ - 1000 ℃), kaolinite yakorewe dehydroxylation kugirango ibe metakaolinite, kandi mubushyuhe bwinshi, spinel na mullite. Ihinduka ryongera hydrophobicity, ubukana nubunini bwibice binyuze mu gucumura. Amabuye y'agaciro avurwa muri ubu buryo arashobora gukoreshwa mu nganda nyinshi, nk'impapuro, PVC, reberi, plastike, ibifunga, gusiga noza amenyo. Hydrophobicity yo hejuru ituma ayo mabuye y'agaciro ahuza na sisitemu ngenga.
Uburyo bwa Microbiologiya
Ikoranabuhanga rya mikorobe yo kweza amabuye y'agaciro ni ikintu gishya cyo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro, harimo tekinoroji ya mikorobe hamwe na tekinoroji ya mikorobe. Tekinoroji ya mikorobe yamabuye y'agaciro ni tekinoroji yo gukuramo ikoresha imikoranire yimbitse hagati ya mikorobe n’amabuye y'agaciro kugira ngo isenye uruzitiro rwa kirisiti rw'amabuye y'agaciro kandi rugashonga ibice by'ingirakamaro. Oxidized pyrite hamwe nandi mabuye ya sulfide arimo kaolin arashobora kwezwa nubuhanga bwo gukuramo mikorobe. Ibinyabuzima bikoreshwa cyane birimo Thiobacillus ferrooxidans na bagiteri zigabanya Fe. Uburyo bwa microbiologiya bufite igiciro gito kandi cyangiza ibidukikije bike, bitazagira ingaruka kumubiri na chimique ya kaolin. Nuburyo bushya bwo kweza no kwera hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryamabuye ya kaolin.
Incamake
Kuvanaho ibyuma no kuvura umweru wa kaolin bigomba guhitamo uburyo bwiza ukurikije amabara atandukanye hamwe nintego zitandukanye zo kubishyira mu bikorwa, kunoza imikorere yera yera ya minisiteri ya kaolin, kandi ikagira agaciro gakomeye nagaciro k’ubukungu. Iterambere ry'ejo hazaza rigomba kuba rihuza ibiranga uburyo bwa chimique, uburyo bwumubiri nuburyo bwa mikorobe yuburyo bwa organique, kugirango duhe gukina byuzuye inyungu zabo no kubuza ibibi nibitagenda neza, kugirango bigerweho neza. Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe kandi kurushaho kwiga uburyo bushya bwuburyo butandukanye bwo kuvanaho umwanda no kunoza inzira yo gukuraho ibyuma no kwera kaolin gutera imbere mu cyerekezo cyicyatsi kibisi, gikora neza kandi gito.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-02-2023